Superalloy – Inconel 625 or Alloy 625

Posted on September 14, 2019September 18, 2019 by STP Team

AMS 5599 AMS 5666 ASTM B446 ASTM B443 – High Temperature (UNS N06625)

Common trade names

Inconel 625® (® Special Metals), Alloy 625, Chronin® 625, Altemp® 625, Haynes® 625 (® Haynes International), Nickelvac® 625, Nicrofer® 6020, Nickel 625, Chronic 625

A brief history of Inconel® 625

The patent for Inconel 625 was issued on December 8th, 1964 after long years of research into a Ni-Cr-Mo-Nb alloy (Nickel Chromium Molybdenum Niobium). It is a so-called “superalloy”, because of its ability to withstand high temperatures, stress and corrosion.

Originally developed for high pressure steam lines in power plants, it quickly became apparent that alloy 625 could handle extreme corrosion and oxidation from harsh environments.

Molybdenum, chromium, and niobium give this alloy additional creep strength from stressors like high temperatures (maintaining its resistance to oxidation at temperatures up to 1800°F) and other harsh conditions that could deform less resistant alloys over time.

Thermal strengthening through heat treatment improves the yield strength, but due to embrittlement at high temperatures over extended time periods, this alloy is best used in lower temperature applications where its corrosion resistance shines.

Product Description

Inconel® 625 is a nickel-based superalloy with excellent resistance to oxidation and corrosion, in conditions ranging from jet engine propulsion systems to chemical processing of oxidizing and reducing acids.

Nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy 625 is a material with excellent resistance to pitting, crevice and corrosion cracking. Highly resistant in a wide range of organic and mineral acids. Good high temperature strength.

The nickel-chromium matrix of Inconel 625 is reinforced by the addition of molybdenum and niobium, which is alloyed through solid solution strengthening, and this allows it to maintain high strength and toughness at temperatures ranging from cryogenic up to 2000°F (1093°C).

It is non-magnetic, austenitic, and displays high tensile strength, fabricability, and brazeability.

Due to its high nickel content, this alloy is nearly immune to chloride ion stress-corrosion cracking and pitting, which is commonly found in metals in seawater applications like heat exchangers, fasteners, and cable sheathing.

Characteristics

Excellent mechanical properties at both extremely low and extremely high temperatures.
Outstanding resistance to pitting, crevice corrosion and intercrystalline corrosion.
Almost complete freedom from chloride induced stress corrosion cracking.
High resistance to oxidation at elevated temperatures up to 1050C.
Good resistance to acids, such as nitric, phosphoric, sulfuric and hydrochloric, as well as to alkalis makes possible the construction of thin structural parts of high heat transfer.

Composition of Nickel Alloy Inconel 625

Chemical Requirements
	Ni	Fe	Cr	Si	Mo	Mn	C
Max		5.0	23.0	0.50	10.0	0.50	0.10
Min	58.0		20.0		8.0

The composition range for Nickel Alloy 625 is provided in table below :

Element	Percentage
Carbon (C)	0.010 max
Manganese (Mn)	0.50 max
Phosphorus (P)	0.015 max
Sulfur (S)	0.015 max
Silicon (Si)	0.50 max
Chromium (Cr)	20.00 – 23.00
Nickel (Ni)	58 – Balance
Molybdenum (Mo)	8.00 – 10.00
Iron (Fe)	5.00 max
Titanium (Ti)	0.40 max
Aluminum (Al)	0.40 max
Tantalum (Ta)	0.05 max

Chemical Analysis

Chemical Analysis of ALLOY 625 (UNS N06625)

Cb+Ta

Other

.10

.50 max

.015 max

.50 max

20.0 -23.0

58.0 min

8.0 – 10.0

1.0 max

0.40 max

5.0 max

3.15 – 4.15

Physical Properties of Alloy 625

Density: 0.303 lb/in³ (8.44 g/cm³
Specific Gravity: 8.44
Melting Range: 2350 – 2460°F (1280 – 1350°C)
Specific Heat: 0.098 Btu/lb x °F (410 Joules/kg x °K)
Magnetic Permeability (75°F, 200 oersted): 1.0006

Mechanical Properties of Alloy 625

Temperature		0.2% Yield Strength		Ultimate Tensile Strength		Elongation Percent
°F	°C	psi	MPa	psi	MPa	Elongation Percent
1920	1065	63,000	430	136,000	940	51.5

Applications

Components where exposure to sea water and high mechanical stresses are required.
Oil and gas production where hydrogen sulfide and elementary sulfur exist at temperature in excess of 150C.
Components exposed to flue gas or in flue gas desulfurization plants.
Flare stacks on offshore oil platforms.
Hydrocarbon processing from tar-sand and oil-shale recovery projects.

Common Applications

Propeller blades
Submarine propulsion motors
Utility boat exhaust ducts
Steam-line bellows
Base plates

Even though researchers initially touted its creep strength at high temperatures, it was also shown that alloy 625 could remain nearly corrosion free at ambient to low temperature elevations, like seawater environments or chemical processing of acids and salts. Marine heat exchangers commonly use 625, to isolate corrosive seawater to materials that can endure them, such as 625 based plate and shell and tube heat exchangers.

It is nearly immune to chloride-ion induced stress cracking, by virtue of its high nickel content, and has been used in propellers and propulsion systems as well as wires used in cable sheathing in marine environments. In addition to saltwater corrosion resistance, the high ductility of 625 makes it ideal for fasteners like hex bolts in underwater environments.

Because of its ease of weldability, Inconel 625 has been used in weld overlays (weld overlay cladding) to improve the strength and corrosion resistance of base metals, such as those found in boiler tubes or petrochemical equipment like wellheads.

Cheaper, thick layers of base materials like steel alloys can be weld cladded with alloy 625 even at economical dilutions with the right technique, giving much needed strength and protection against corrosion to these parts.

It is also used in waste-to-energy boilers, where refuse-derived-fuel is used to power steam generators with refuse boilers. Inconel 625 replaced heat resistant materials like ceramic tiles for corrosion protection, primarily as welded cladding and composite tubes, which significantly lowered the cost of maintenance on corroded refractory. By the late 1990s, this alloy was widely seen as the most corrosion resistant alloy at conditions caused by waste combustion.

Heat Treatment

Alloy 625 / inconel 625 has three basic heat treatments:

(1)High Solution Anneal – 2000/2200°F (1093/1204°C), air quench or faster.
(2)Low Solution Anneal – 1700/1900°F (927/1038°C), air quench or faster.
(3)Stress Relieve – 1650°F (899°C), air quench.

The time at the above temperatures depends on volume and section thickness. Strip, for example, would require shorter times than large sections.

Temperatures for treatments No. 1 and 2 are generally held for 1/2 to 1 hour, 1 to 4 hours for treatment No. 3.

Treatment No. 1 is not commonly used for applications below 1500°F (816°C). It is generally used above 1500°F and where resistance to creep is important. The high solution anneal is also used to develop the maximum softness for mild processing operations such as cold rolling or drawing.

Treatment No. 2 is the used treatment and develops an optimum combination of tensile and rupture properties from ambient temperatures to 1900°F (1038°C). Ductility and toughness at cryogenic temperatures are also very good.

Treatment No. 3 is recommended for application below 1200°F (649°C) when maximum fatigue, hardness, tensile and yield strength properties are desired. Ductility and toughness at cryogenic temperatures are excellent. When a fine grain size is desired for fatigue, tensile and yield strengths up to 1500°F (816°C), treatment No. 3 is sometimes used.

Workability

Hot Working

Hot working may done at 2100°F (1149°C) maximum furnace temperature. Care should be exercised to avoid frictional heat build-up which can result in overheating, exceeding 2100°F (1149°C). Alloy 625 becomes very stiff at temperatures below 1850°F (1010°C). Work pieces that fall below this temperature should be reheated. Uniform reductions are recommended to avoid the formation of a duplex grain structure. Approximately 15/20% reduction is recommended for finishing.

Cold Forming

Alloy 625 can be cold formed by standards methods. When the material becomes too stiff from cold working, ductility can be restored by process anneal.

Machineability

Low cutting speeds, rigid tools and work piece, heavy equipment, ample coolant and positive feeds are general recommendations

This is an example of a mill’s certificate of inconel 625 or alloy 625

VALBRUNA GRADE	COMMERCIAL NAME	UNS	W.N.	BS	INTERNATIONAL DESIGNATION
AN2	Alloy 825 / Alloy 65	N08825 / N08065	2.4858	NA16 / NA41	NiFe30Cr21Mo3
AN4	Alloy 904L	N08904	1.4539	904S14	X1NiCrMoCu25-20-5
AN5	Alloy 660 / Alloy A286	S66286	1.4980	286S31	X6NiCrTiMoVB25-15-2
AV20	Alloy 20	N08020	2,4660	–	NiCr20CuMo
AV718CRV	Alloy 718	N07718	2,4668	NA51	NiCr19Fe19Nb5Mo3 / NiCr19NbMo
AV925	Alloy 925	N09925	–	–	–
AVC276	Alloy C276	N10276	2,4819	–	NiMo16Cr15W
EG1	Alloy 400	N04400	(2.4360)	NA13	NiCu30Fe
EG2	Alloy K-500	N05500	2.4375	NA18	NiCu30Al
GL3	Alloy 625	N06625	2,4856	NA21	NiCr22Mo9Nb
SG1	Alloy 200 / Alloy 201	N02200 / N02201	2.4068	NA11 / NA12	LC-Ni99.0
VAL4529	Alloy 926 / Alloy 367	N08926 / N08367	1.4529	–	X1NiCrMoCuN25-20-7

You can learn more about inconel 625 / alloy 625 here:

http://www.specialmetals.com/assets/smc/documents/alloys/inconel/inconel-alloy-625.pdf

References:

http://www.specialmetals.com
https://www.hpalloy.com
https://www.azom.com
https://www.upmet.com
https://www.hightempmetals.com
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inconel_625
https://www.valbruna-stainless-steel.com

Naval Brass UNS C46400

Posted on October 5, 2019October 5, 2019 by STP Team

Naval Brass 464 – UNS C46400

Specs: ASTM-B-171, QQ-B-639, ASTM-B-21, ASTM B124, QQ-B-637, AMS 4611, ASME SB-171

Key Words: CDA 464, CZ133, CZ113, ISO CuZn39Sn1, CEN CW719R, UNS C46700

As you know that brass is a kind of metal that is malleable, strong and durable. This metal is an alloy between the elements of copper and zinc, but sometimes, a small amount of tin and other metals such as lead are added to improve its properties.

The ratio of copper to tin varies depending on the metal’s intended purpose. The composition ranges from 55 to 90 percent for copper and 10 to 45 percent for zinc.

Malleability and ductility is two critical properties you can get from brass alloys. The malleability of brass depends on the amount of zinc used. When the alloy contains more than 45% of zinc they are known as White Brass and are no longer workable either in hot or cold.

naval brass, image: www.nationalbronze.com

UNS C46400 – Naval Brass is copper alloyed with zinc and tin to provide improved strength, corrosion resistance and machinability. Naval brass is classified as Copper-Zinc-Tin Alloys (Tin Brasses). It’s nominally composed of 60% copper, 39.2% zinc and 0.8% tin.

The perfect ratio is around 59% copper, 40% zinc, 1% tin, and trace amounts of lead. Due to its composition, this type of brass is classified under a brass subfamily known as “Alpha Beta” or sometimes “Duplex Brasses”, which are stronger and harder than other brass groups, particularly when it comes to dealing with saltwater. This makes them a perfect material for sea vessels.

As the name implies, naval brass has extensive marine application and can be found where strength and corrosion resistance are valued. Typical industrial applications for 464 brass include tubesheets, baffles, valve stems, fasteners and mold plates. C464 Naval Brass is also widely used for indoor and outdoor decorative applications. Naval brass is considered a Lead Free product because the maximum lead content is 1/5th of 1%.

Alloy 464 naval brass is recommended for marine hardware and pump shafts as well as nuts, bolts, rivets, and valve stems. It is highly known for reisisting corrosion in seawater even at higher than normal temperatures. This alloy is excellent for hot working.

As for brass used in marine applications, the secret to its success is the addition of tin. Even if tin only accounts for 1% of the entire composition it makes brass for naval use even more corrosion resistant, an essential characteristic when the alloy is meant to be exposed to harsh saltwater conditions. Another important reason why tin is added to the mix is to increase the metal’s resistance against dezincification, which allows it to last even longer.

The addition of Tin also gives Naval Brass a high resistance to dezincification. Dezincification is a type of dealloying in which one of the constitutes of an alloy is removed by corrosion. Dezincification was first recognized as a serious problem in brass tubes used for ship condensers around 1920. At the time this problem was referred to as “Condenseritis”. Since then various alloys have been formulated to stop this process, one of which being Naval Brass.

The addition of trace amounts of lead may not seem important, but this actually impacts and helps with the metal’s machinability. With just the right mix and amount of metals, brass becomes even sturdier, stronger, and more workable than it originally is.

Naval Brass is used extensively in marine hardware applications, but the uses don’t stop there. Its higher tensile strength and resistance to wear make it applicable in bushings and wear strip as well as fastener and valve stem applications.

Material Notes: Fair to excellent corrosion resistance. Excellent hot workability and hot forgeability. Fabricated by blanking, drawing, bending, heading and upsetting, hot forging, pressing.

The following are data on the physical properties of Brass Naval :

Physical Properties	Metric	English	Comments
Density	8.41 g/cc	0.304 lb/in³	at 20°C (68°F)
Mechanical Properties
Tensile Strength, Ultimate	379 – 607 MPa	55000 – 88000 psi
Tensile Strength, Yield	172 – 455 MPa	24900 – 66000 psi	Depending on temper
Elongation at Break	50 %	50 %	in 431.8 mm.
Modulus of Elasticity	100 GPa	14500 ksi
Poisson’s Ratio	0.28	0.28	Calculated
Machinability	30 %	30 %	UNS C36000 (free-cutting brass) = 100%
Shear Modulus	39 GPa	5660 ksi
Thermal Properties
CTE, linear 250°C	21.2 µm/m-°C	11.8 µin/in-°F	from 20-300°C (68-570°F)
Thermal Conductivity	116 W/m-K	805 BTU-in/hr-ft²-°F	at 20°C (68°F)
Melting Point	885 – 900 °C	1630 – 1650 °F
Solidus	885 °C	1630 °F
Liquidus	900 °C	1650 °F

C46400 Naval Brass Specifications

End Product	Specification
Bar	AMS 4611, 4612, ASTM B21, FEDERAL QQ-B-639, SAE J463, J461
Bar, Forging	ASTM B124
Bolts	ASTM F468
Forgings, Die	ASTM B283
Nuts	ASTM F467
Plate	FEDERAL QQ-B-639
Plate, Clad	ASTM B432
Plate, Condenser Tube	ASME SB171, ASTM B171
Rod	AMS 4611, 4612, ASTM B21, SAE J463, J461
Rod, Forging	ASTM B124
Screws	ASTM F468
Shapes	ASTM B21
Shapes, Forging	ASTM B124
Sheet	FEDERAL QQ-B-639
Strip	FEDERAL QQ-B-639, SAE J463, J461
Studs	ASTM F468
Wire, Metallizing	MILITARY MIL-W-6712

Chemical Composition

Component	Wt. %
Cu	59 – 62
Fe	Max 0.1
Pb	Max 0.2
Sn	0.5 – 1
Zn	39.25

UNS No	Cu (Cupper)	Fe (Iron)	Pb (lead)	Sn (Tin)	Zn (Zinc)
C46400	59.0 – 62.0	0.10 max	0.2 max	0.50-1.0	remainder

C46400 TYPICAL USES

Some of the typical areas that C46400 is used in, is as follows:

Air Pressure Conveyer Systems
Sound Proofing Equipment
Springs
Chain
Bead Chain
Tubing for Instruments
Tubing for Machines
Heat Exchangers
Pump Cylinders
Wire Screens
Pumps
Liners
Power Cylinders

Builders Hardware: Lock Pins

Electrical
Precision shipboard equipment

Fasteners
Rivets, Bolts, Nuts

Industrial
Welding rod, condenser plates, structural uses, valve stems, balls, heat exchanger tube, aircraft, turn buckle barrels, bearing, dies, golf ball production, pressure vessels, bearings, bushings, hub cones.

Marine
Propeller shafts, marine hardware, decorative fittings, shafting, turn buckles.

Ordnance
Missile components

Other
Baffle plates and flanges

The following is an example of a mill’s certificate of naval brass :

sample-Mill-Certificate-naval-brass

Sourches :

AISI 431 Martensitic Stainless Steel

Posted on July 22, 2019July 23, 2019 by STP Team

AISI 431 – Martensitic stainless steel – A combination of corrosion resistance, mechanical properties and machinability. 431 is martensitic stainless steel with chemical composition as C 0,12-0,22 • Cr 15-17 • Ni 1,5-2,5 is a high chromium, low nickel, high hardenability Martensitic stainless steel with high strength and good corrosion resistance, as generally supplied hardened and tempered in the tensile range 850 – 1000 Mpa (condition T), Brinell range 248 – 302. Very good corrosion resistance in general atmospheric corrosive environments, good resistance to mild marine and industrial atmospheres, resistant to many organic materials, nitric acid and petroleum products coupled with high tensile and high yield strength plus excellent toughness in the hardened and tempered condition. 431 is not recommended for use at sub-zero temperatures due to a substantial drop in impact properties consistent with most steels other than the austenitic steel types.

Complies with standards
EN 10088-3 : 1.4057 X17CrNi 16-2 – AISI 431 – JIS SUS 431 – EN10272 : 1.4057

Related Specifications

Australia	AS 2837-1986 431
Germany	W.Nr 1.4057 X20CrNi17 2
Great Britain	BS970 Part3 1991 431S29 BS970 – 1955 EN57
Japan	JIS G4303 SuS 431
USA	ASTM A276-98b 431 SAE 51431 AISI 431 UNS S43100

Grade 431 stainless steels are martensitic, heat-treatable grades with excellent corrosion resistance, torque strength, high toughness and tensile properties. All these properties make them ideal for bolt and shaft applications. These steels, however, cannot be cold-worked owing to their high yield strength, hence they are suitable for operations such as spinning, deep drawing, bending or cold heading.

Characterised by very good corrosion resistance in general atmospheric corrosive environments, good resistance to mild marine and industrial atmospheres, resistant to many organic materials, nitric acid and petroleum products coupled with high tensile and high yield strength plus excellent toughness in the hardened and tempered condition.

431 due to its excellent hardenability is capable of being through hardened up to Rc44, depending upon carbon content and section size. Small sections can be air cooled and larger sections oil quenched for maximum through hardness.Pre hardened and tempered 431 will also respond readily to nitriding achieving a typical surface hardness of over Rc65. The nitriding process however reduces the corrosion resistance and is therefore not generally recommended except for critical applications where the benefit outweighs all other considerations.

Used extensively for parts requiring a combination of high tensile strength, good toughness and good corrosion resistant properties.

Typical applications are: Aircraft Parts and Components, Bolts and Nuts, Fasteners, Pump Shafts, Propellor Shafts, Studs, Valve Parts etc.

Material magnetic in all conditions.

Corrosion Resistance

Grade 431 stainless steels have considerable resistance to salt water, but they are less resistant to tropical water when compared to that of grade 316 steels. Grade 431 steels have overall corrosion resistance similar to, or slightly lower than, that of grade 304 steels.

Grade 431 steels with a smooth surface finish perform well in tempered and hardened conditions.

Heat Resistance

Grade 431 steels are resistant to scaling at temperatures of 925°C in intermittent conditions, and 870°C during continuous operations. In general, these steels are not to be used at temperatures above standard tempering temperatures, owing to loss of mechanical properties.

Heat Treatment

Full anneal — Full annealing cannot be performed on grade 431 steels. This grade gets hardened even during slow cooling.

Process anneal — Grade 431 steels are heated to 620 to 660°C and then air-cooled.

Grade 431 steels are generally hardened by heating at temperatures from 980 to 1065°C, holding for nearly ½ h, followed by oil or air quenching. Complex or hardened parts of grade 431 steels can be pre-heated to temperatures from 760 to 790°C and tempered, to improve their mechanical properties. Tempering of these steels at 425 to 600°C should be avoided, owing to the loss of impact toughness at this temperature range.

Welding

Welding of grade 431 stainless steels is difficult due to the chances of cracking. It is recommended to pre-heat the materials to 200 – 300°C before welding, and carry out post-weld heat treatment at 650°C. Welding can be performed using grade 410 filler rods, but ductile welds can be achieved using grades 308L, 309 or 310 steels.

Machining

Grade 431 steels can be easily machined in their annealed state. However, it is extremely difficult to machine these steels if they are hardened above 30HRC.

Applications

Typical applications of grade 431 stainless steels include the following:

Laboratory equipment
Marine systems
Beater bars
Pump and propeller shafts
Nuts and bolts

Fabrication of AISI 431

Fabrication of martensitic steels is generally carried out using techniques that allow hardening and tempering treatments and poor weldability. The corrosion resistance properties of grade 431 steels are lower than that of austenitic grades. The operations of grade 431 are limited by their loss of strength at high temperatures, due to over-tempering, and loss of ductility at negative temperatures.

Mill’s certificate sample of AISI 431 – Martensitic Stainless Steel

Chrome content on AISI 431 vs. 420/410

AISI 431, 420 and 410 are the same type of martensitic stainless steel. A striking difference from AISI 431 compared to AISI 410 and 420 is the chrome (Cr) content of AISI 431 which is higher than AISI 410 and 420. Where, Cr content for AISI 431 is 15-18%, while the content of Cr content in AISI 410 is 11.5- 13.5%. Meanwhile, the content of Cr in AISI 420 is 12-14%.

Here we show the chemical compositions of grades 431, 420 and 410 where all of these grades are classified as martensitic stainless steel. You can compare the elements of Fe, C, Cr, and others.

Grade

431

min.

max.

78.2

83.8

0.12

0.20

–

0.04

–

0.03

1.25

2.50

420

min.

max.

83.5

88.4

0.15

0.4

–

0.04

–

0.03

–

0.75

410

min.

max.

82.3

87.9

0.08

0.15

–

0.04

–

0.03

11.5

13.5

–

0.75

0.5

Martensitic stainless steel types

Type	Description
410	Basic martensitic grade, containing the lowest alloy content of the three basic stainless steels (304, 430, and 410). Low cost, general purpose, heat treatable stainless steel. Used widely where corrosion is not severe (air, water, some chemicals, and food acids. Typical applications include highly stressed parts needing the combination of strength and corrosion resistance such as fasteners.
410S	Contains lower carbon than Type 410, offers improved weldability but lower hardenability. Type 410S is a general purpose corrosion and heat resisting chromium steel recommended for corrosion resisting applications.
414	Has nickel added (2%) for improved corrosion resistance. Typical applications include springs and cutlery.
416	Contains added phosphorus and sulfur for improved machinability. Typical applications include screw machine parts.
420	Contains increased carbon to improve mechanical properties. Typical applications include surgical instruments.
431	Contains increased chromium for greater corrosion resistance and good mechanical properties. Typical applications include high strength parts such as valves and pumps.
440	Further increases chromium and carbon to improve toughness and corrosion resistance. Typical applications include instruments.

References:

https://www.azom.com/
https://www.makeitfrom.com/
htps://www.ugitech.com
http://www.interlloy.com.au

SS 316 – Austenitic Stainless Steel Grade

Posted on June 6, 2019July 22, 2019 by STP Team

We know the various names of stainless steel that are included in the austenitic grade category, namely: AISI / SUS 201, 202, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 309, 310, 316, 317, 327, 347. In this article we will discuss SS 316 and SS 316L and 316H.

Austenitic Stainless Steel

Austenitic stainless steel is a specific type of stainless steel alloy. Stainless steels may be classified by their crystalline structure into four main types: austenitic, ferritic, martensitic and duplex stainless steel.

[1] Austenitic stainless steels possess austenite as their primary crystalline structure (face centered cubic).

This austenite crystalline structure is achieved by sufficient additions of the austenite stabilizing elements nickel, manganese and nitrogen. Due to their crystalline structure, austenitic steels are not hardenable by heat treatment and are essentially non-magnetic.

There are two subgroups of austenitic stainless steel. 300 series stainless steels achieve their austenitic structure primarily by a nickel addition while 200 series stainless steels substitute manganese and nitrogen for nickel, though there is still a small nickel content.

300 series stainless steels are the larger subgroup. The most common austenitic stainless steel and most common of all stainless steel is Type SS 304, also known as 18/8 or A2.

Type SS 304 is extensively used in such items as, cookware, cutlery, and kitchen equipment.

Type SS 316 is the next most common austenitic stainless steel. Some 300 series, such as Type SS 316, also contain some molybdenum to promote resistance to acids and increase resistance to localized attack (e.g. pitting and crevice corrosion). The higher nitrogen addition in 200 series gives them higher mechanical strength than 300 series

Other notable austenitic stainless steels are Type 309 and 310, which are utilized in high temperature applications greater than 800°C.

Alloy 20 (Carpenter 20) is an austenitic stainless steel possessing excellent resistance to hot sulfuric acid and many other aggressive environments which would readily attack type 316 stainless.

This alloy exhibits superior resistance to stress-corrosion cracking in boiling 20–40% sulfuric acid. Alloy 20 has excellent mechanical properties and the presence of niobium in the alloy minimizes the precipitation of carbides during welding.

Austenitic stainless steel can be tested by nondestructive testing using the dye penetrant inspection method but not the magnetic particle inspection method. Eddy-current testing may also be used.

Stainless Steel – Grade SS 316 (UNS S31600)

Austenitic stainless steel – Grade SS 316L

Chemical Formula :
Fe, <0.03% C, 16-18.5% Cr, 10-14% Ni, 2-3% Mo, <2% Mn, <1% Si, <0.045% P, <0.03% S

Grade 316 is the standard molybdenum-bearing grade, second in importance to 304 amongst the austenitic stainless steels.

The molybdenum gives 316 better overall corrosion resistant properties than Grade 304, particularly higher resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion in chloride environments.

It has excellent forming and welding characteristics. It is readily brake or roll formed into a variety of parts for applications in the industrial, architectural, and transportation fields.

Grade 316 also has outstanding welding characteristics. Post-weld annealing is not required when welding thin sections.

What is the difference between 316, 316L and 316H ?

Grade 316L, the low carbon version of 316 ( L=Low Carbon. ) and is immune from sensitisation (grain boundary carbide precipitation).

Thus it is extensively used in heavy gauge welded components (over about 6mm).

Grade 316H, with its higher carbon content has application at elevated temperatures, as does stabilised grade 316Ti.

The austenitic structure also gives these grades excellent toughness, even down to cryogenic temperatures.

Composition ranges for 316 grade of stainless steels.

The following is the chemical composition between SS 316, 316L and 316H

Grade		C	Mn	Si	P	S	Cr	Mo	Ni	N
316	Min	–	–	–	0	–	16.0	2.00	10.0	–
316	Max	0.08	2.0	0.75	0.045	0.03	18.0	3.00	14.0	0.10
316L	Min	–	–	–	–	–	16.0	2.00	10.0	–
316L	Max	0.03	2.0	0.75	0.045	0.03	18.0	3.00	14.0	0.10
316H	Min	0.04	0.04	0	–	–	16.0	2.00	10.0	–
316H	max	0.10	0.10	0.75	0.045	0.03	18.0	3.00	14.0	–

Mechanical properties of 316 grade stainless steels.

The following are mechanical properties (tensile strength, yield strength, elongation and hardness) of stainless steel SS 316, 316 L and 316 H

Grade	Tensile Str (MPa) min	Yield Str 0.2% Proof (MPa) min	Elong (% in 50 mm) min	Hardness
Grade	Tensile Str (MPa) min	Yield Str 0.2% Proof (MPa) min	Elong (% in 50 mm) min	Rockwell B (HR B) max	Brinell (HB) max
316	515	205	40	95	217
316L	485	170	40	95	217
316H	515	205	40	95	217

Note: 316H also has a requirement for a grain size of ASTM no. 7 or coarser.

Typical physical properties for 316 grade stainless steels.

Grade	Density(kg/m³)	Elastic Modulus (GPa)	Mean Co-eff of Thermal Expansion (µm/m/°C)			Thermal Conductivity (W/m.K)		Specific Heat 0-100 °C (J/kg.K)	Elec Resistivity (nΩ.m)
			0-100 °C	0-315 °C	0-538 °C	At 100 °C	At 500 °C
316/L/H	8000	193	15.9	16.2	17.5	16.3	21.5	500	740

Grade specifications for 316 grade stainless steels.

Grade	UNS No	Old British		Euronorm		Swedish SS	Japanese JIS
Grade	UNS No	BS	En	No	Name	Swedish SS	Japanese JIS
316	S31600	316S31	58H, 58J	1.4401	X5CrNiMo17-12-2	2347	SUS 316
316L	S31603	316S11	–	1.4404	X2CrNiMo17-12-2	2348	SUS 316L
316H	S31609	316S51	–	–	–	–	–

Note: These comparisons are approximate only. The list is intended as a comparison of functionally similar materials not as a schedule of contractual equivalents. If exact equivalents are needed original specifications must be consulted.

Possible alternative grades to 316 stainless steel.

Grade	Why it might be chosen instead of 316?
316Ti	Better resistance to temperatures of around 600-900 °C is needed.
316N	Higher strength than standard 316.
317L	Higher resistance to chlorides than 316L, but with similar resistance to stress corrosion cracking.
904L	Much higher resistance to chlorides at elevated temperatures, with good formability
2205	Much higher resistance to chlorides at elevated temperatures, and higher strength than 316

Corrosion Resistance

Excellent in a range of atmospheric environments and many corrosive media – generally more resistant than 304. Subject to pitting and crevice corrosion in warm chloride environments, and to stress corrosion cracking above about 60 °C. Considered resistant to potable water with up to about 1000 mg/L chlorides at ambient temperatures, reducing to about 500 mg/L at 60 °C.

316 is usually regarded as the standard “marine grade stainless steel”, but it is not resistant to warm sea water. In many marine environments 316 does exhibit surface corrosion, usually visible as brown staining. This is particularly associated with crevices and rough surface finish.

Heat Resistance

Good oxidation resistance in intermittent service to 870 °C and in continuous service to 925 °C. Continuous use of 316 in the 425-860 °C range is not recommended if subsequent aqueous corrosion resistance is important. Grade 316L is more resistant to carbide precipitation and can be used in the above temperature range. Grade 316H has higher strength at elevated temperatures and is sometimes used for structural and pressure-containing applications at temperatures above about 500 °C.

Heat Treatment

Solution Treatment (Annealing) – Heat to 1010-1120 °C and cool rapidly. These grades cannot be hardened by thermal treatment.

Welding

Excellent weldability by all standard fusion methods, both with and without filler metals. AS 1554.6 pre-qualifies welding of 316 with Grade 316 and 316L with Grade 316L rods or electrodes (or their high silicon equivalents). Heavy welded sections in Grade 316 require post-weld annealing for maximum corrosion resistance. This is not required for 316L. Grade 316Ti may also be used as an alternative to 316 for heavy section welding.

Machining

A “Ugima” improved machinability version of grade 316 is available in round and hollow bar products. This machines significantly better than standard 316 or 316L, giving higher machining rates and lower tool wear in many operations.

Dual Certification

It is common for 316 and 316L to be stocked in “Dual Certified” form – mainly in plate and pipe. These items have chemical and mechanical properties complying with both 316 and 316L specifications. Such dual certified product does not meet 316H specification and may be unacceptable for high temperature applications.

Applications

Food preparation equipment particularly in chloride environments.
Laboratory benches & equipment.
Coastal architectural panelling, railings & trim.
Boat fittings.
Chemical containers, including for transport.
Heat Exchangers.
Woven or welded screens for mining, quarrying & water filtration.
Threaded fasteners.
Springs.

Typical applications include:

SS 316 Equivalent Grade

316 and 316L round bar equivalent grades

References:

The International Nickel Company (1974). “Standard Wrought Austenitic Stainless Steels”. Nickel Institute.
^ “Stainless Steel”. Encyclopaedia Britannica.
^ American Iron and Steel Institute. “Design Guidelines for the Selection and Use of Stainless Steels”. Nickel Institute.
Atlas Steels Australia

Monel K500 (Alloy K500)

Posted on April 8, 2019April 9, 2019 by STP Team

Monel K500 (UNS N05500/ W.Nr. 2.4375),

Nama umum lainnya: Alloy K500. MONEL adalah merek dagang terdaftar dari grup perusahaan Special Metals Corporation.

Monel K500 adalah salah satu paduan logam berbasis nickel (nickel-base alloy) yakni paduan logam yang unsur logam utamanya adalah unsur nikel. Pada Monel selain Ni, paduan utama lainnya adalah tembaga (Cu) (paduan Ni-Cu). Di artikel kami sebelumnya telah dibahas juga material nickel-base alloy lainnya yakni Inconel (paduan Ni-Cr).

Monel K500® memenuhi berbagai spesifikasi industri dan internasional. Yakni:

UNS N05500
ASME SB-865
AMS 4676
QQ-N-286
Werkstoff No. 2.4375

UNS:	N05500
Specifications:	ASME SB-865, AMS 4676, QQ N 286
International Specifications:	WERKSTOFF Nr 2.4375

Monel K500 dibandingkan Monel 400

Monel K500® pada dasarnya adalah versi yang lebih kuat, lebih keras dari Monel 400®. Komposisi dasarnya mirip dengan Alloy 400 tetapi dengan sifat pengerasan aging (age-hardening) yang terjadi ketika ditambahkan paduan alloy Al dan Ti.

Monel K500® dipanaskan di bawah kondisi yang terkendali untuk mengendapkan partikel submikroskopik Ni3 (Ti, Al) di seluruh material.

Peningkatan sifat mekanik (kekuatan dan kekerasan) diperoleh dengan menambahkan konten aluminium dan titanium ke dasar nikel-tembaga, dan dengan memanaskan di bawah kondisi yang terkendali sehingga partikel submikroskopi Ni3 (Ti, Al) diendapkan di seluruh matriks.

Jadi, Monel K500 merupakan penggabungan karakteristik ketahanan korosi yang sangat baik dari Monel 400 ditambah keuntungan tambahan berupa kekuatan dan kekerasan yang lebih tinggi.

Peningkatan sifat mekanik (kekuatan dan kekerasan) ini diperoleh dengan penambahan aluminium (Al) dan titanium (ti) ke dasar paduan nikel-tembaga dan dengan pemrosesan termal/perlakua panas yang digunakan untuk mempengaruhi presipitasi, biasanya disebut age hardening / precipitation hardening atau aging.

Jika dibandingkan dengan Alloy 400, Alloy K-500 ini memiliki sekitar tiga kali kekuatan luluh dan kekuatan tarik yang lebih tinggi.

Kekuatan paduan baja nikel ini tahan hingga 1200 ° F, tetap ulet dan tangguh hingga suhu 400 ° F. Kisaran titik leburnya/ melting range adalah 2400-2460 ° F.

Monel k-500 bersifat non magnetik, bahkan pada suhu yang cukup rendah.

Komposisi Kimia (Chemical Composition) Monel K-500

Limiting Chemical Composition, %, of MONEL Alloy K-500

Nickel (plus Cobalt) ……………………………………………..63.0 min.
Carbon………………………………………………………………0.25 max.
Manganese ………………………………………………………….1.5 max.
Iron……………………………………………………………………..2.0 max.
Sulfur ………………………………………………………………..0.01 max.
Silicon …………………………………………………………………0.5 max.
Copper …………………………………………………………….27.0 – 33.0
Aluminum …………………………………………………………2.30 – 3.15
Titanium …………………………………………………………..0.35 – 0.85

63% Nickel
0.25% Carbon (C)
1.5% Manganese (Mn)
2% Iron (Fe)
Copper (Cu) 27-33%
Aluminum (Al) 2.30-3.15%
Titanium (Ti) 0.35-0.85%

	Ni	Mn	Si	Fe	Al	S	C	Cu
Max		1.50	0.50	2.00	3.15	0.010	0.18	33
Min	63.00				2.30			27

Grade	C	Mn	Si	Cu	Fe	Ni	S
Monel K500	0.25 max	1.5 max	0.5 max	27.00 – 33.00	0.5 – 2	63.00 min	0.010 max

Physical Constants of MONEL Alloy K-500 (http://www.specialmetals.com)

Density,
g/cm3 ……………………………………………………………8.44
lb/in.3 ………………………………………………………….0.305
Melting Range,
°F ……………………………………………..2400-2460
°C ……………………………………………..1315-1350
Modulus of Elasticity, 103 ksi
Tension …………………………………………………………………..26.0 Torsion……………………………………………………………………..9.5
Poisson’s Ratio (aged material at room temperature)………0.32

Sifat Mekanik (Mechanical properties) Monel K500

Density	Melting Point	Tensile Strength	Yield Strength (0.2%Offset)	Elongation
8.44 g/cm3	1350 °C (2460 °F)	Psi – 1,60,000 , MPa – 1100	Psi – 1,15000 , MPa – 790	20%

Perbandingan komposisi kimia berbagai jenis Monel

Trade Name	ASTM/AISI Alloy type	UNS	%Cu	%Al	%Ti	%Fe	%Mn	%Si	%Ni
Monel 400	B 127, B 164	N04400	28–34			2.5 max	2.0 max	0.5 max	63 min
Monel 401		N04401	28–34			2.5 max	2.0 max		63 min
Monel 404		N04404	Rem	0.05 max		0.5 max	0.1 max	0.1 max	52–57
Monel K-500	B 865	N05500	27–33	2.3–3.15	0.35–0.85	2.0 max	1.5 max	0.5 max	63 min
Monel 405	B 164	N04405	28–34			2.5 max	2.0 max	0.5 max	63 min

Aplikasi Monel K500

Monel Alloy K500 sangat cocok untuk pompa sentrifugal di industri kelautan karena kekuatannya yang tinggi dan tingkat korosi yang rendah dalam air laut berkecepatan tinggi. Dengan tingkat korosi yang sangat rendah dalam air laut berkecepatan tinggi dan kekuatan tinggi, batang Monel K500® adalah bahan yang ideal untuk aplikasi kelautan. Bar Monel K500® juga tahan terhadap lingkungan gas asam.

Alloy K500 Bars adalah paduan nikel-tembaga dengan kekuatan tinggi dan ketahanan korosi yang sangat baik di berbagai media termasuk air laut, asam hidrofluorik, asam sulfat, dan alkali.

Paduan Monel K-500 populer di sejumlah bidang termasuk:

Industri Kimia (valves/katup dan pumps/pompa).
Produksi Kertas (doctor blades and scrapers ).
Minyak dan Gas Bumi (pump shafts, drill collars and instruments, impellers, and valves).
Komponen dan sensor elektronik.

Monel K500 Round Bar & Rod Application Industries

Off-Shore Oil Drilling Companies
Power Generation
Petrochemicals
Gas Processing
Specialty Chemicals
Pharmaceuticals
Pharmaceutical Equipment
Chemical Equipment
Sea Water Equipment
Heat Exchangers
Condensers
Pulp and Paper Industry

Penjelasan dan aplikasi nickel-base alloy atau paduan Monel K500 ini tentu belum lengkap. Silahkan bila anda ingin menambahkan informasi tambahan.

Monel and Inconel, what’s the difference?

Posted on April 5, 2019April 24, 2019 by STP Team

Both Monel and Inconel are Nickel-based alloy metals. Where the main elements contained in this metal are Nickel elements. Unlike steel, steel is a metal alloy based on Fe-Ni metal elements. then what is the difference between monel and inconel?

The fundamental difference of Monel anda Inconel

Both Monel and Inconel have nickel as their primary metal. However, Monel has copper and Inconel has Chromium. Monel is a nickel-copper (Ni-Cu) alloy and Inconel is a nickel-chromium (Ni-Cr) alloy.

To better distinguish the difference between these two, we need to address the strength of their dual-primary ingredient.

The Difference Between Nickel-Copper and Nickel-Chromium

Nickel Chromium (Inconel)

Nickel and chromium together are fantastic at fending off oxidation and high-temperature corrosion. This would make them ideal for places that interact with frequently different gasses and large temperature variances.

Oil and Gas Extraction, aerospace, and pharmaceutical application are great examples of industries that would require Nickel Chromium or Inconel.

Nickel Copper (Monel)
Nickel Copper, however, is great for corrosion resistance. Their notable strengths would be against sea water, both hydrofluoric and sulfuric acids, as well as alkalies and harsher acids.

Monel Metal
(http://www.chemistrylearner.com/monel.html)

These strengths play to the trades of chemical processing, sea refineries, oil refineries, as well as coastal structures. If you work in these fields, you will benefit from the Nickel Copper or Monel alloys.

Monel, is an alloy of nickel (Ni = 67%) with copper metal (Cu = 28%) and other metal elements ferro, Mn, and Si. The use of monel metal is much for the chemical industry, food ingredients due to its excellent corrosion-resistant properties in addition to its strength and tenacity and high temperature resistance. The monel metal can withstand physical and mechanical properties up to a working temperature of 750 ° C.

Alternate Characteristics
Regardless of heat transference and corrosion resistance, there are other factors that will affect your purchase of either.

Inconel, on average, tends to have higher yields and tensile strength. This will tend to make it greater as a structural product if you are looking to use it in chemical plants.

Additionally, while we wrote about how Monel is better when dealing with sea water and corrosion resistance, it is worth noting that Inconel 625 specifically does particularly well at resisting sea water and marine conditions, in the chance you are looking for a happy medium.

Properties and Characteristics of Monel

Physical Properties
Color/appearance	Gray
Luster	Metallic
Melting point	1300 – 1350°C
Density	8.80X10³ kg/m³
State of matter at room temperature (normal phase)	Solid
Hardness	110-150 HB
Thermal Conductivity	21.8 W/(m K)
Resistivity	54.7X10^-8 ohm-m ^]
Tensile strength (annealed)	550 MPa
Specific heat capacity	427 J/(kg*K)
Modulus of elasticity	179 GPa

Monel Alloy
(http://www.chemistrylearner.com/monel.html)

Uses

Resistance to deterioration makes Monel 400 ideal for use in equipment parts that remain in chemical and marine environments .
For producing hydrocarbon and chemical processing equipment .
In carburetor needle valves and sleeves, exhaust manifolds and other critical parts of aircraft .
Making screw machine products, heat exchangers, piping systems and wind instruments .

Monel Wire
(http://www.chemistrylearner.com/monel.html)

That’s the difference between monel and inconel, so we can know the difference and can choose material according to the application, function and purpose

If you have any additional questions about which of these nickel-based products will be better for you, go ahead and please contact us at the email address: info@steelindopersada.com. We would love to sort you out!

References :

https://www.stainlessshapes.net
http://www.chemistrylearner.com
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monel

High Abrasive and High Temperature Plate for Cement Industry

Posted on March 21, 2019April 8, 2019 by STP Team

OVERLAY PLATE (High Abrasive and High Temperature Plate for Cement Industry)

Overlay plate is your solution to combat premature failure in critical wear areas under extremely abrasive conditions with moderate to low impact.

Overlay supplies a wide range of chromium carbide and complex carbide overlay plates.

Typical standard formats are 5’ X 10’ and 6’ X 10’. Overlay thicknesses vary from 1/8” to ½” depending on the thickness of the base metal. Plates can also be cut to size, shaped and rolled according to customer specifications.

Overlay products provide a longer equipment life and increased production efficiency. Maintenance costs are reduced due to the extended service life and there is less downtime for equipment replacements.

APPLICATIONS

Typical applications include dragline buckets, truck bed liners, shovel buckets, fan blades, loader buckets, housing liners, dozer skins, hopper liners, motor grade liners, skirt boards, scraper liners, transition chute liners, spiral conveyors, cement mill liners, wood de-barker liners, scroll liners.

THE ADVANTAGES

Very flat and smooth surface

Formable

Consistent hardness

THE MICRO STRUCTURES

The microstructure of OVERLAY is a mixture of high volume hexagonal

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

DIMENSIONS

COLD FORMING

Moderate forming are available in all thickness. It is recommended that all forming should be done along with the direction of deposited. A very generous radius is required to successfully accomplish this. Suggestions of bending radius.

CUTTING

OVERLAY has a high chromium content, which makes it difficult to flame out. It only can be cut by Plasma; EDM; Water Knives. Experience has shown that it is a good practice to cut from the base plate side in order to avoid any of the high

WEAR TEST

If you need this abrasive plate material, please don’t hesitate to contact us : contact@steelindopersada.com

Martensitic Stainless Steel – Corrodur 4021 / AISI 420

Posted on January 25, 2019January 25, 2019 by STP Team

Martensitic stainless steels are widely used in the steam generators, oil and gas esploration, oversea petroleum platforms, pressure valves, mixer blades, cutting tools, and surgical tools and jigs.

Owing to their excellent mechanical properties. In general, these steels are used in quenched and tempered conditions.

Quenching heat treatment is carried out by cooling in oil or air followed by annealing at 980–1100 °C. Tempering is done at the interval of 200 and 700 °C [3].

The annealed Martensitic stainless steels have a microstructure containing spherical carbides in the ferritic matrix.

Since the material is metallurgical complex, the heat treatment must be accurately controlled in order to create a complete martensite structure without forming δ-ferrite and residual austenite.

Stainless steel 1.4021 is a martensitic machining bar with machinability improved with the addition of Sulphur. The Sulphur also lowers weldability, corrosion resistance, and formability to below that of its non-free machining equivalent Grade 410.

Stainless Steel – Martensitic – 1.4021 Bar Properties, Applications and Fabrication

Martensitic stainless steels are designed for high hardness, and other properties are compromised to an extent. Their functional operating temperature range is restricted by their loss of ductility at sub-zero temperatures, and loss of strength by over-tempering at high temperatures.

Alloy designations of 1.4021 is similar, but it may not be a direct equivalent to: 420, UNS42000, 1.4021, 1.4024, 1.4028, 1.4029, 1.4030, and 1.4034. It is supplied in the form of a bar.

Corrosion resistance is lower than the common austenitic grades. It offers resistance to fresh water, dry atmospheres, and mild alkalies and acids; however, the resistant is lower than equivalent non-free-machining grades. High Sulphur content free machining grades – such as 416 – are not suitable for chloride exposure or in marine condition.

Maximum corrosion resistance can be achieved in the hardened condition with a smooth surface finish. The steel has a fair heat resistance to scaling in intermittent service up to 760°C, and up to 675°C in continuous service. It is not recommended for use in temperatures exceeding the relevant tempering temperature.

Chemical Composition

1.4021 Steel	EN 10088-3:2005
Chemical Element	% Present
Carbon (C)	0.16 – 0.25
Chromium (Cr)	12.00 – 14.00
Manganese (Mn)	0.0 – 1.50
Silicon (Si)	0.0 – 1.00
Phosphorous (P)	0.0 – 0.04
Sulphur (S)	0.0 – 0.03
Iron (Fe)	Balance

Properties

Physical Property	Value
Density	7.75 g/cm³
Thermal Expansion	10.3 x10^-6 /K
Modulus of Elasticity	200 GPa
Thermal Conductivity	24.9 W/m.K
Electrical Resistivity	0.055 x10^-6 Ω .m

Bar – Up to 160mm Dia/Thickness	EN 10088-3:2005
Mechanical Property	Value
Proof Stress	500 – 600 MPa
Tensile Strength	700 – 950 MPa
Elongation A	12 – 13 %

Fabrication

Fabrication must be carried out by methods that allow for poor weldability, as well as for a final harden and temper heat treatment.

Cold working – It is not recommended, It is only suitable for minor deformation. Cracking will occur due to severe deformation.

Hot working – Hot working processes should be carried out after uniform heating to 2100-2250°F (1149-1232°C). Hot working below 1700°F (927°C) could result in cracking.

Machinability – Grade 420 offers very good machinability, the highest of any of the commonly available stainless steels. It is achieved best in sub-critical annealed condition.

Weldability – Grade 420 has poor weldability. It can be pre-heated to 150-320°C and post-heated at 610-760°C. Grade 420 coated welding rods can be used for high strength joints, where a post-weld hardening and tempering heat treatment can be carried out. If parts need to used in the “as welded” condition, a ductile joint can be made using Grade 309 filler rod or electrodes.

Applications

The main areas of applications include:

Automatic screw machined parts
Valve parts
Pump shafts
Studs
Gears
Motor shafts
Bolts and nuts
Shear blades
Cutlery blades
Surgical Instruments
Washing machine parts

Corrodur 4021

Reference:

Reference:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283241675_Investigation_of_mechanical_microstructural_and_machining_properties_of_AISI_420_martensitic_stainless_steel_welded_by_laser_welding
https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=972
https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=12574
Deutsche Edelstahlwerke

Quick Opening Closure and Pig Launcher Products for Pipeline, Energy and Petrochemical Industries

Posted on January 22, 2019January 22, 2019 by STP Team

Our sourches are manufactures a family of Quick Opening Closure (QOCs) in sizes ranging from 2” to 72”. Our closures are manufactured from a wide variety of ASME approved materials including Carbon Steel, Stainless Steel (304, 304L, 316, 316L, Duplex and Super Duplex), Monel®, Inconel®, Hastelloy® and other exotic materials as specified by our customers.

Our sourches can design and manufacture the complete line of closures to international standards including ASME Section VIII Division I and Division II, PD 5500 / BS EN 13445.

Our sourches closures satisfy design requirements in ASME Section VIII, Division 1, B31.3, B31.4, & B31.8. All QOCs can be designed for either horizontal or vertical application and can be equipped with such accessories as sight glasses, nozzles, drains, gauges, sampling ports and safety interlocks. Connection types including full and reduced access as well as mitred designs for inclined or declined vessels are available.

Our sourches offers the most diverse and complete QOC product portfolio in the world.

Typical Closure Applications :

Filters
Basket Strainers
Filter Separators
Decompression Chambers
Sand Blasting Systems
Pig Launcher and Receivers
Seawater Injection Filters
Carbon Filters
Subsea Systems
LNG Processing
Hydrocyclones
Metering Skids
Fuel Conditioning Skids
Containment Systems
Production Platforms
Storage Tanks
Manways
Inspection Ports
Reactors
Sock Filters
Bag Filters
Amine Filters
FPSO (Floating Production Storage and Offloading)
City Gates

CLOSURE PRODUCTS

T-Bolt Closures

T-Bolt Closures are designed for nominal pressure applications. T-Bolt closures are available for horizontal and vertical applications. Safety plus operating advantages and weight savings over flanged manways make our T-Bolt Closures ideal for applications such as storage tanks, mixing equipment, filters, separators, inspection ports, tower access, reactor access and hand holes on processing equipment. T-bolts can be supplied in specialty applications such as sanitary equipment, medical waste and hyperbaric chambers. Size Range 6” – 66” Pressures up to 500PSI.

Double Yoke Style

Double Yoke Style Closures are widely accepted throughout the world for applications where frequent access is required or where the blind flanges are cumbersome and time consuming. Yoke Style Closures can be equipped with operating aids to simplify the opening and closing tasks. Devices such as breakover wrenches and chain and sprocket drives are available Size range 2” – 72” Pressure range ANSI 150 – 2500.

Threaded QOC

Our sourche design is simple yet robust. Heavy duty davit assembly is furnished for effective alignment of head and hub. Components are manufactured utilizing precision CNC machining to provide accurate and
consistent dimensions. Threaded closures are economically priced with attractive lead times to meet the most demanding customer requirements. Size Range 2” – 24” pressures ANSI 150 – ANSI 900 Size Range 26” – 36” pressure ANSI 150 – ANSI 600

pig launcher adalah, quick opening closure

Tool-less® closures

Tool-less® closures are high pressure quick opening closures (QOC) supplied in the vertical or horizontal configuration. The Tool-less® is designed to be opened and closed by one person in one minute without the use of additional tools. Tool-less® closures are suitable for use on natural gas filter separators where filter element replacement requires frequent vessel access. Horizontal Tool-less® closures include double-pivot heavy duty hinge while the vertical closures can be furnished with a robust davit to raise the door once unlocked. Size Ranges 8” – 72” Pressure range ANSI 150 – ANSI 2500.

OUR OTHERS SOURCHE FOR QUICK OPENING CLOSURE

Approved Design
Standard units meet ASME VIII Div.1, ASME VIII Div. 2, PD5500 and EN13445. ASME Code Stamp with U-2A (or A-2 for ASME VIII Div. 2) partial data report can be furnished as an option. Code stamping verifies shop inspection of the closure and materials by an ASME Authorised Inspector.

European Pressure Equipment Directive (97/23/EC)
Technical file, submitted to vessel fabricator for incorporation into CE Marking of vessel.

PIG LAUNCHER

If there is anything you want to ask about Quick Opening Closure (QOCs) and Pig Launcher Products, please don’t hesitate to contact us at email: contact@steelindopersada.com

Babbitting with Sprababbit A, a Thermal Spray Wire from Oerlikon-Metco Product

Posted on December 20, 2018December 20, 2018 by STP Team

Babbitt, also called Babbitt metal or bearing metal, is any of several alloys used for the bearing surface in a plain bearing.

RE-BABBITT WHITE METAL SLEEVE BEARING http://www.stgwengineering.com

“Plain bearing” is a sliding bearing that receives a load through pressure. A plain bearing is often also referred to as “bushing”, “babbit” or “journal bearing”.

Crankshaft Bearing (image: http://rebabbittingbearing.com)

In general, plain bearings are cylinders which are halved and are called “shell” or bearing frames.

These bearings are very widely used and can be observed in various types of equipment, especially on crankshafts and crank rod bearings on vehicle engines.

Bearings can provide a low friction slip between two surface loads in contrast to other surfaces.

The movement of both can be in the form of a rotational axis (rotational movement) or linear motion.

Bearing frames are generally made of steel, cast iron, or copper alloys. The inner walls of these bearings are usually coated with a alloy of lead (Pb-base) or tin-white alloy (Sn-base) which is called a “babbit” metal.

**Crankshaft White Metal Babbitt Bearing** pic: rebabbittingbearing.com

This babbit metal must be able to attach firmly to the bearing frame. As time goes by with a long service life, these pads will experience wear on the surface base metal which is influenced by various factors such as the load received is too excessive or the strength of the material itself.

In the field of maintenance, the bearing unit problem is one of the main problems, namely how to do it best repair on these bearings

Referring to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babbitt_(alloy) explained that, the original Babbitt alloy was invented in 1839 by Isaac Babbitt[1] in Taunton, Massachusetts, United States. He disclosed one of his alloy recipes but kept others as trade secrets.[2] Other formulations were later developed.[3] Like other terms whose eponymous origin is long since deemphasized (such as diesel engine or eustachian tube), the term babbitt metal is frequently styled in lowercase.[3][4] It is preferred over the term “white metal”, because the latter term may refer to various bearing alloys, lead- or tin-based alloys, or zinc die-casting metal.

Microstructure of babbitt

Babbitt metal is most commonly used as a thin surface layer in a complex, multi-metal structure, but its original use was as a cast-in-place bulk bearing material. Babbitt metal is characterized by its resistance to galling. Babbitt metal is soft and easily damaged, which suggests that it might be unsuitable for a bearing surface. However, its structure is made up of small hard crystals dispersed in a softer metal, which makes it a metal matrix composite. As the bearing wears, the softer metal erodes somewhat, which creates paths for lubricant between the hard high spots that provide the actual bearing surface. When tin is used as the softer metal, friction causes the tin to melt and function as a lubricant, which protects the bearing from wear when other lubricants are absent.

Internal combustion engines use Babbitt metal which is primarily tin-based because it can withstand cyclic loading. Lead-based Babbitt tends to work-harden and develop cracks but it is suitable for constant-turning tools such as sawblades.

The surface of the wearring that has undergone wear requires re-coating to restore the surface to its original condition.

Babbitt coating can use a variety of techniques: with casting techniques, welding techniques or spray techniques. Of the three techniques each has its own flaws and advantages.

Sample Cast and Flame Spray Component Projects – http://www.bbcmachine.com/cast-flame-spray-repair-babbitt-bearings.html

The welding technique used is using GTAW (Tungsten Arc Welding Gas).

Repairs — The babbitt coating technique using a welding technique http://www.dxpbabbitt.com/repair/

Our company accept orders for welding wire rebabbit with the brand Oerlikon.

The following are OERLIKON product technical specifications.

OERLIKON METCO

Materials : METCO Flame Wire ( Bonding Metco 405 NS, Metcoloy 2, SpraBabbitt A, SpraSteel etc. ), Arc-Spray wire, Equipments : Wire Flame Gun type 14E, Powder Flame Gun type 5PII & 6PII

Sprababbitt A is a special high grade, tin-based babbitt wire that is manufactured exclusive for thermal spray. Coatings of Sprababbitt A are particularly suitable for high speed and heavy duty bearing surfaces that required coatings of the highest possible quality, especially for critical applications.

The coatings are ductile, low in oxides and exhibit a bright, metallic appearance.

Sprababbitt thermal spray wires are designed for application using electric arc wire spray or combustion wire spray.

Oerlikon Metco Material Product Data Sheet

Tin and TinAlloy (Babbit) Thermal Spray Wires